Abstrak
Panel surya menjadi salah satu teknologi energi terbarukan yang paling dekat dengan kehidupan sehari-hari karena mampu mengubah cahaya matahari secara langsung menjadi energi listrik. Prinsip kerja teknologi tersebut tidak dapat dilepaskan dari konsep fisika modern, terutama efek fotolistrik dan efek fotovoltaik pada bahan semikonduktor. Kajian ini membahas hubungan antara energi foton, celah energi, pembentukan pasangan elektron-hole, sambungan p-n, arus foto, tegangan keluaran, daya maksimum, dan efisiensi sel surya. Metode yang digunakan berupa studi literatur dengan analisis deskriptif-kuantitatif melalui penurunan konsep dan perhitungan sederhana. Pembahasan memperlihatkan bahwa energi foton mengikuti persamaan ???? = ℎ???? atau ???? = ℎ????/???? sedangkan syarat dasar pembangkitan muatan pada semikonduktor dinyatakan sebagai ℎ???? ≥ ????????. Pada silikon dengan celah energi sekitar 1,12 eV, cahaya dengan panjang gelombang lebih pendek dari sekitar 1100 nm berpeluang membangkitkan pembawa muatan. Sel surya kemudian memisahkan elektron dan hole melalui medan listrik internal pada sambungan p-n sehingga menghasilkan arus listrik. Kinerja panel surya dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya, suhu, material, rekombinasi pembawa muatan, rugi optik, resistansi seri, resistansi shunt, dan nilai fill factor. Kajian ini menempatkan panel surya sebagai penerapan nyata fisika modern dalam teknologi energi, bukan sekadar perangkat listrik biasa, melainkan sistem kuantum-semikonduktor yang bekerja melalui interaksi cahaya dan materi pada skala mikroskopis [1].
Kata Kunci
Referensi
- [1] Nelson, J. (2003). The Physics of Solar Cells. Imperial College Press. [2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. [3] Becquerel, A. E. (1839). Mémoire sur les effets électriques produits sous l’influence des rayons solaires. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 9, 561–567. [4] Chapin, D. M., Fuller, C. S., & Pearson, G. L. (1954). A new silicon p-n junction photocell for converting solar radiation into electrical power. Journal of Applied Physics, 25(5), 676677. [5] Einstein, A. (1905). Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt. Annalen der Physik, 17, 132–148. [6] Würfel, P. (2005). Physics of Solar Cells: From Principles to New Concepts. Wiley-VCH. [7] Serway, R. A., Moses, C. J., & Moyer, C. A. (2005). Modern Physics. Thomson Brooks/Cole. [8] Planck, M. (1901). On the law of distribution of energy in the normal spectrum. Annalen der Physik, 4, 553–563. [9] Krane, K. S. (2012). Modern Physics (3rd ed.). Wiley. [10] Tipler, P. A., & Llewellyn, R. A. (2012). Modern Physics (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman. [11] Eisberg, R., & Resnick, R. (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles. Wiley. [12] Hertz, H. (1887). Über einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung. Annalen der Physik, 267, 983–1000. [13] Lenard, P. (1902). Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung. Annalen der Physik, 313, 149–198. [14] Millikan, R. A. (1916). A direct photoelectric determination of Planck’s h. Physical Review, 7(3), 355–388. [15] Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1965). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume III. Addison-Wesley. [16] Green, M. A. (1982). Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology, and System Applications. Prentice-Hall. [17] Kittel, C. (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed.). Wiley. [18] Sze, S. M., & Ng, K. K. (2007). Physics of Semiconductor Devices (3rd ed.). Wiley. [19] Shockley, W., & Queisser, H. J. (1961). Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells. Journal of Applied Physics, 32(3), 510–519. [20] Streetman, B. G., & Banerjee, S. K. (2006). Solid State Electronic Devices (6th ed.). Pearson. [21] Pierret, R. F. (1996). Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley. [22] Neamen, D. A. (2012). Semiconductor Physics and Devices (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. [23] Sah, C. T., Noyce, R. N., & Shockley, W. (1957). Carrier generation and recombination in p-n junctions and p-n junction characteristics. Proceedings of the IRE, 45(9), 1228–1243. [24] Shockley, W. (1949). The theory of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. Bell System Technical Journal, 28(3), 435–489. [25] Fahrenbruch, A. L., & Bube, R. H. (1983). Fundamentals of Solar Cells. Academic Press. [26] Luque, A., & Hegedus, S. (2011). Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering (2nd ed.). Wiley. [27] Markvart, T., & Castañer, L. (2003). Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications. Elsevier. [28] Messenger, R. A., & Ventre, J. (2010). Photovoltaic Systems Engineering (3rd ed.). CRC Press. [29] Lorenzo, E. (1994). Solar Electricity: Engineering of Photovoltaic Systems. Progensa. [30] Duffie, J. A., & Beckman, W. A. (2013). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes (4th ed.). Wiley. [31] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications. [32] Smets, A., Jäger, K., Isabella, O., van Swaaij, R., & Zeman, M. (2016). Solar Energy: The Physics and Engineering of Photovoltaic Conversion, Technologies and Systems. UIT Cambridge. [33] Masters, G. M. (2013). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems (2nd ed.). Wiley. [34] Möller, H. J. (1993). Semiconductors for Solar Cells. Artech House. [35] Green, M. A. (1998). Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology, and System Applications. University of New South Wales. [36] ASTM International. (2020). ASTM G173-03: Standard Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances. ASTM International. [37] Gueymard, C. A. (2004). The sun’s total and spectral irradiance for solar energy applications and solar radiation models. Solar Energy, 76(4), 423–453. [38] Goetzberger, A., Knobloch, J., & Voss, B. (1998). Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Wiley. [39] Green, M. A. (2001). Third generation photovoltaics: Ultra-high conversion efficiency at low cost. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 9(2), 123–135. [40] Henry, C. H. (1980). Limiting efficiencies of ideal single and multiple energy gap terrestrial solar cells. Journal of Applied Physics, 51(8), 4494–4500. [41] Ashcroft, N. W., & Mermin, N. D. (1976). Solid State Physics. Saunders College. [42] Cardona, M., & Yu, P. Y. (2010). Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties. Springer. [43] Jenny Nelson. (2011). The Physics of Solar Cells. Imperial College Press. [44] Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014). Fundamentals of Physics (10th ed.). Wiley. [45] Yu, P. Y., & Cardona, M. (2010). Fundamentals of Semiconductors. Springer. [46] Pankove, J. I. (1971). Optical Processes in Semiconductors. Dover Publications. [47] Hovel, H. J. (1975). Semiconductors and Semimetals, Volume 11: Solar Cells. Academic Press. [48] Aberle, A. G. (2000). Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: A review. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 8(5), 473–487. [49] Fonash, S. J. (2010). Solar Cell Device Physics (2nd ed.). Academic Press. [50] Gray, J. L. (2003). The physics of the solar cell. In A. Luque & S. Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Wiley. [51] Green, M. A. (1995). Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Principles and Practice. Centre for Photovoltaic Devices and Systems, UNSW. [52] Würfel, U., Cuevas, A., & Würfel, P. (2015). Charge carrier separation in solar cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 5(1), 461–469. [53] Castaner, L., & Silvestre, S. (2002). Modelling Photovoltaic Systems Using PSpice. Wiley. [54] Emery, K. (2003). Measurement and characterization of solar cells and modules. In A. Luque & S. Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Wiley. [55] Green, M. A., Emery, K., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W., & Dunlop, E. D. (2015). Solar cell efficiency tables. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 23(1), 1–9. [56] Parida, B., Iniyan, S., & Goic, R. (2011). A review of solar photovoltaic technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1625–1636. [57] King, D. L., Boyson, W. E., & Kratochvil, J. A. (2004). Photovoltaic Array Performance Model. Sandia National Laboratories. [58] Skoplaki, E., & Palyvos, J. A. (2009). On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance. Solar Energy, 83(5), 614–624. [59] Campbell, P., & Green, M. A. (1987). Light trapping properties of pyramidally textured surfaces. Journal of Applied Physics, 62(1), 243–249. [60] Villalva, M. G., Gazoli, J. R., & Filho, E. R. (2009). Comprehensive approach to modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 24(5), 11981208. [61] Richter, A., Hermle, M., & Glunz, S. W. (2013). Reassessment of the limiting efficiency for crystalline silicon solar cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 3(4), 1184–1191. [62] Kalogirou, S. A. (2014). Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems (2nd ed.). Academic Press. [63] Rühle, S. (2016). Tabulated values of the Shockley–Queisser limit for single junction solar cells. Solar Energy, 130, 139–147. [64] Yamaguchi, M. (2003). III-V compound multi-junction solar cells: Present and future. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75(1–2), 261–269. [65] Green, M. A. (2019). How did solar cells get so cheap? Joule, 3(3), 631–633. [66] Snaith, H. J. (2013). Perovskites: The emergence of a new era for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4(21), 3623–3630. [67] Streetman, B. G., & Banerjee, S. K. (2016). Solid State Electronic Devices (7th ed.). Pearson. [68] Fox, M. (2010). Optical Properties of Solids (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. [69] Yablonovitch, E. (1982). Statistical ray optics. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 72(7), 899–907. [70] Green, M. A. (2002). Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion. Springer. [71] Varshni, Y. P. (1967). Temperature dependence of the energy gap in semiconductors. Physica, 34(1), 149–154. [72] Muller, R. S., Kamins, T. I., & Chan, M. (2003). Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits (3rd ed.). Wiley. [73] Wenham, S. R., Green, M. A., Watt, M. E., & Corkish, R. (2007). Applied Photovoltaics (2nd ed.). Earthscan. [74] Tsakalakos, L. (2008). Nanostructures for photovoltaics. Materials Science and Engineering R, 62(6), 175–189. [75] Fraas, L., & Partain, L. (2010). Solar Cells and Their Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley.