Abstract

Perkembangan otak pada masa prasekolah ditandai oleh dinamika neurobiologis yang sangat aktif, mencakup pembentukan koneksi saraf atau sinaptogenesis, pemangkasan sinaps atau pruning, serta proses penyulaman selubung saraf atau mielinisasi. Aksesibilitas dan durasi paparan media berbasis layar yang tinggi pada anak usia dini berpotensi memengaruhi proses maturasi struktural otak tersebut, yang pada akhirnya berdampak pada pembentukan domain kognitif seperti bahasa, atensi, dan fungsi eksekutif. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh paparan layar terhadap integritas mikrostruktur substantia putih otak dan performa kognitif anak melalui sintesis tinjauan literatur komprehensif serta bukti empiris neuroimaging berbasis Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Hasil sintesis data menunjukkan bahwa paparan layar dalam durasi tinggi secara konsisten berhubungan dengan penurunan nilai Fractional Anisotropy dan peningkatan nilai Radial Diffusivity pada traktus utama otak, meliputi arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, dan inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Perubahan parameter neurobiologis tersebut mencerminkan tingkat mielinisasi dan organisasi aksonal yang suboptimal, yang berkorelasi langsung dengan rendahnya kemampuan bahasa ekspresif, kecepatan pemrosesan informasi, serta literasi awal. Sebaliknya, interaksi media yang disertai pendampingan aktif orang tua dan konten yang berkesesuaian dengan tahap perkembangan dapat memitigasi dampak negatif serta mendukung pemrosesan kognitif. Dengan demikian, regulasi paparan layar sangat penting untuk memastikan proses sinaptogenesis, pruning, dan mielinisasi berlangsung secara optimal pada jendela perkembangan kritis anak.

Keywords

sinaptogenesis, pruning, mielinisasi, paparan layar, perkembangan kognitif, substantia putih

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